<div style='margin-bottom: 20px;'> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the Big Idea behind Parliament limiting the English monarchy?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Absolute rulers were overthrown, and Parliament gained power</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the primary reason Peter fought Sweden?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">To obtain a seaport on the Baltic coast</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did Henry of Navarre contribute to peace and prosperity in France?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Henry of Navarre, who became Henry IV, converted to Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes for religious toleration, and devoted his reign to rebuilding France, restoring the monarchy's strong position and achieving peace.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the goal of absolutist monarchs according to the theory of absolutism?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The goal was to control every aspect of society.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did Montaigne and Descartes contribute to the skepticism of their time?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Montaigne developed the essay to express ideas and doubted absolute knowledge, while Descartes used reason to address skepticism, influencing modern thought and the scientific method.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Who were the Royalists or Cavaliers loyal to during the English Civil War?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Charles I</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What did the Habeas Corpus Act establish?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">That a prisoner should be tried or set free</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why did the 17th century lead to the rise of absolutism in Europe?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The 17th century was marked by religious and territorial conflicts, the building of huge armies, heavy taxation, and peasant revolts, leading to the rise of absolutism.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did the Peace of Westphalia change the political landscape of Europe?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It weakened the Hapsburg states of Austria and Spain, strengthened France, made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Emperor, ended religious wars in Europe, and introduced peace negotiation as a method to settle war disputes.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did Louis XIV manage to control and weaken the nobility's power?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Louis XIV excluded nobles from his councils, increased the power of intendants, and ensured regular communication with local officials to strengthen his control over the government.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the main feature of England's government after the Glorious Revolution?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It became a constitutional monarchy</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What were the key reforms Peter the Great implemented to modernize Russia?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Peter brought the Russian Orthodox Church under state control, reduced the power of great landowners, promoted men from lower-ranking families to authority, modernized the army with European tactics, and imposed heavy taxes.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What were Cardinal Richelieu's strategies to strengthen the Bourbon monarchy?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Cardinal Richelieu took action against the Huguenots, weakened the nobles' power, and sought to limit Hapsburg power by involving France in the Thirty Years' War.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What territories did France gain from the peace agreement that ended their North American colonial conflicts?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">France gained Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and abandoned claims to the Hudson Bay region.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did the Dutch Republic differ from other European countries in the 1600s?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The Dutch Republic practiced religious toleration and was a republic, not a kingdom, with provincial governors depending on the support of merchants and landholders.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the main obstacle to English rulers becoming absolute monarchs?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Parliament’s financial power</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What did Charles I agree to in the Petition of Right?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">He would not imprison subjects without due cause, levy taxes without Parliament's consent, house soldiers in private homes, or impose martial law in peacetime</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What were the consequences of Louis XIV revoking the Edict of Nantes?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Revoking the Edict of Nantes led to economic decline as thousands of Huguenot artisans and businesspeople fled France, depriving the country of skilled workers.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was Cromwell's rule known for abolishing?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The monarchy and the House of Lords</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the impact of the Thirty Years' War on Germany?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Germany's population dropped from 20 million to 16 million, trade and agriculture were disrupted, and its economy was ruined.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did Prussia become a major European power during Frederick II's reign?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Prussia acquired Silesia, which had valuable resources like iron ore, textiles, and food products, after Frederick II underestimated Maria Theresa and occupied the region.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What role did Versailles play in Louis XIV's control over the nobility?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Versailles served as a tool for increasing royal authority by making the nobility dependent on Louis XIV and removing them from their power bases, thereby centralizing control.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What did the Bill of Rights list?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">What a ruler could not do, including suspending Parliament’s laws, levying taxes without Parliament's consent, interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament, and penalizing citizens who petition the king about grievances</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How was the potential standstill between the monarch and Parliament resolved?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By the development of a cabinet system</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What were the outcomes of the War of the Spanish Succession?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The Treaty of Utrecht concluded the war, allowing Philip to remain King of Spain under the condition that the French and Spanish thrones remain separate. Great Britain gained Gibraltar and the asiento.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the significance of Ivan IV's rule in Russian history?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Ivan IV, known as Ivan the Terrible, was the first to use the title of czar, expanded Russian territory, introduced a code of laws, but also ruled by terror, especially after the death of his wife, Anastasia Romanov.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did Peter the Great attempt to raise women's status in Russia?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By having them attend social gatherings</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the primary reason Philip II believed he needed to defend Catholicism?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Philip II believed it was his duty to defend Catholicism against the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire and the Protestants of Europe.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What crop did Peter introduce to Russia that became a staple of the Russian diet?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Potatoes</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What were the consequences of Louis XIV's reign for France?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">France emerged as a major European power, excelled in art, literature, and statesmanship, built a strong empire of colonies, but also faced staggering debt and resentment over taxes and abuse of power.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What economic consequence did the influx of silver have on Spain?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The influx of silver caused inflation, a decline in the value of money accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods and services.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Who was Louis XIV and why is his reign significant?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Louis XIV was the most powerful monarch of his time in France, known for his absolute rule and the statement 'I am the State.' His abuse of power led to a revolution that inspired calls for democratic government worldwide.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Which publication did Peter start in Russia?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Russia’s first newspaper</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What actions did monarchs take to increase their power in response to crises?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Monarchs regulated religious worship, social gatherings, created new government bureaucracies to control economic life, and freed themselves from limitations imposed by the nobility and representative bodies like Parliament.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What fashion change did Peter the Great enforce among the Russian nobles?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Ordered them to give up their traditional clothes for Western fashions</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why did Spain face economic decline after expelling Jews and Moors?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Spain lost many valuable artisans and businesspeople, contributing to its economic decline.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What were the two main problems France faced before Louis XIV's reign?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">France faced incompetence among King Henry II's sons, requiring intervention by Catherine de Medici, and religious wars between Huguenots and Catholics.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What significant consequence occurred due to the construction of St. Petersburg?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">25-100,000 people died from terrible working conditions and diseases</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What led to the growth of monarchs' power in Europe, according to the text?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The decline of feudalism, the rise of cities, growth of national kingdoms, support from the middle class, wealth from colonies, and the breakdown of church authority.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War affect European and global power dynamics?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The War of the Austrian Succession confirmed Prussia as a major power with the acquisition of Silesia. The Seven Years' War did not change the territorial situation in Europe but led to France losing its colonies in North America and Britain gaining economic domination of India.</p> </div> </div>