<div style='margin-bottom: 20px;'> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did the Roman aristocracy manage to carry on production on their large estates?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The Roman aristocracy used slave labor to carry on production on their large estates known as latifundia.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">According to Gerda Lerner, what societal condition preceded and contributed to the establishment of slavery?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The subjugation of women, which provided a model for subjugating fellow human beings.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the primary source of slaves in ancient societies, and how could this pool be supplemented?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The initial pool of slaves was formed of prisoners of war, supplemented by those enslaved due to inability to repay loans.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What strategies were employed to prevent slave uprisings in the Roman Empire?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Slaves captured from the same area were dispersed widely to prevent solidarity, and they were mixed with slaves from other areas to hinder communication and organization.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What unique form of slavery did Sparta introduce, and how did it differ from other forms of slavery?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Helotry, a form of slavery where slaves were owned by the state, allowed to maintain family ties, and their children inherited their status, differing from individual ownership.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why is Rome considered an exception in the context of slave labor usage according to Ellen M Wood?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Due to its extensive expansion, which allowed for the extensive use of slave labor.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the primary method of surplus extraction in the Roman empire according to Ste Croix?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Slavery</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the significance of the surplus extraction relationship in a slave mode of production?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The surplus extraction relationship, where slaves produced and slave-owners took the bulk of the surplus, was the basic feature of the relations of production in a slave mode of production.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the two primary conditions necessary for slavery to become widespread in an economy according to M.I Finley?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A severely deficient internal supply of labor in relation to its demand and a considerable concentration of landed property in the hands of a small group.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What led to the transformation of peasants into proletarii in Roman society?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The increase in aristocratic holdings and the Gracchan agrarian reforms, coupled with violence, transformed peasants into landless proletarii.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did the structure of slave society in Rome differ from other societies?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Rome was considered a 'slave society' because slave labor was employed on a large scale in production, making the slave mode of production dominant.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did the ancient Greeks differ from other civilizations in their use of slave labor?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The ancient Greeks were the first to use slaves in all sectors of production, playing an extensive role unlike in Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Minoan civilizations.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the outcome of the second slave war in Sicily?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The second slave war, lasting from 104 to 102 BC, ended in defeat for the slaves.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did latifundia contribute to the agricultural economy of ancient Rome?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Latifundia, large estates, concentrated on the cultivation of cereals and the rearing of sheep and cattle, significantly impacting the agricultural economy.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did Solon's reforms in 594 BC affect the practice of slavery in Athens?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Solon's reforms abolished debt bondage, preventing Athenians from being enslaved due to debt, which temporarily resolved a crisis of impoverishment among the peasantry.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What role did wars play in the expansion of the slave trade in the Roman economy?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Wars provided an ideal opportunity for the expansion of the slave trade, supplying the Roman latifundia with a continuous influx of slaves.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What role did slavery play in the economic and social structure of ancient Greek society?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Slavery was a central feature of Greek society and economy, significantly contributing to the prosperity of Athens during the Classical Period by providing resources and leisure for the pursuit of culture.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did the Roman expansion and the Punic Wars influence the structure of Roman society and economy?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The Roman expansion and Punic Wars led to the acquisition of vast tracts of land by the aristocracy, impoverishment and physical elimination of the assidui farmers, and a significant increase in the demand for slave labor due to land annexation and military campaigns.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What role did slave labor play in the Roman economy?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Slave labor was found in every sector of the Roman economy, especially in agriculture, mining, and handicrafts production.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does Ellen M Wood differentiate between the Greek and Roman economies?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The Roman empire was a slave social formation, while ancient Greece was essentially a peasant economy.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What were the main sources of slaves in ancient Greece during the Classical Period?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">During the Classical Period, the majority of slaves were non-Greeks, captured from areas such as southern Russia, the Black Sea region, Thrace, central Europe, Syria, and Italy.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why were slaves considered marginal to the production process in ancient Greece?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Slaves were mainly used for mining and domestic work, not for major agricultural production.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What factor made it difficult for the aristocracy to exploit peasants in Athens?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Political participation by ordinary citizens.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the significance of the Spartacus revolt in the context of Roman slave revolts?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The Spartacus revolt was the most serious of the three major slave revolts in the late Republic, showcasing significant resistance against Roman control.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the outcome of the abolition of nexum in 326 BC on Roman labor dynamics?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The abolition of nexum exacerbated the labor shortage as wealthy landowners increased their landholdings and demand for labor, while peasants, despite winning the struggle against debt bondage, could not retain land, further diminishing the free labor force.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did the concept of slavery in Roman law contribute to the control of a large slave population?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Roman law treated slaves as property, denying them any rights and placing them under the complete control of their masters, which was crucial for managing a large slave population.</p> </div> </div>