<div style='margin-bottom: 20px;'> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes the feeding mechanisms of male and female mosquitoes?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Female mosquitoes have a piercing mouthpart for blood, which matures their ovaries, while males have siphoning-sucking mouthparts for feeding on sugars.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does T. cruzi adapt to evade the mammalian host's initial immune response?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">In mammals, T. cruzi can inhibit the formation of C3 convertase, preventing the formation of the MAC (membrane attack complex) during the initial phase of infection.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary goal of taxonomic classification in parasitology?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">To order organisms based on kinship or resemblance.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the significance of arthropods in parasitology?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Arthropods are significant in parasitology due to their role as carriers of diseases and their segmented bodies covered by a chitinous exoskeleton.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the Anopheles darlingi mosquito contribute to malaria?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Anopheles darlingi is a key vector for malaria in Brazil, showing domesticity, anthropophily, and susceptibility to Plasmodium.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is Leishmania Visceral transmitted and what are its primary hosts?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Transmitted by the Lutzomyia longipalpis vector, with vertebrate hosts including humans and various mammals. Domestic environments include dogs as reservoirs, and in the wild, a variety of mammals serve as hosts.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does parasitism define the relationship between species?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">An intimate and enduring relationship between individuals of two distinct species at the histological level.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do parasites manipulate the host's immune response?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Parasites can avoid or manipulate the host's immune response, partially protecting themselves from the immune system and modulating the host's immune response to favor an unregulated immunological response and excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do endoparasites and ectoparasites differ in terms of their habitat within the host?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Endoparasites live inside the host's body, while ectoparasites live externally on the host's body.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the key strategies for controlling Leishmaniasis?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Early diagnosis and adequate treatment of human cases, conducting epidemiological surveys, health education, and individual, collective, and environmental protection measures.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the role of amastigotes in the lifecycle of the parasite described?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Amastigotes transform into promastigotes in the mosquito's intestine, completing the parasite's lifecycle.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do vectors contribute to the lifecycle of parasites?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Vectors transport the etiological agent, which can either not multiply within the vector (mechanical) or undergo a propagative and/or evolutionary cycle within the vector (biological).</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Describe the lifecycle of a mosquito.</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The mosquito lifecycle includes stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult, with females laying eggs in stagnant water or moist areas.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the primary mechanisms of T. cruzi's entry into macrophages?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The main mechanisms are phagocytosis, involving the emission of pseudopods and the participation of actin, and endocytosis, which does not involve pseudopods but still requires actin participation.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What factors contribute to the epidemiology dynamics of Leishmaniasis?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Subnutrition, co-infection with AIDS, use of immunosuppressive drugs, human migrations, and the behavior of the vector species Lu. Longipalpis.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is Trypanosoma cruzi classified within the protist kingdom?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Trypanosoma cruzi is classified under the kingdom Protista, phylum Sarcomastigophora, class Zoomastigophora, and family Trypanosomatidae.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary feeding behavior of 'barbeiros' and how does it impact their interaction with hosts?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">'Barbeiros' are hematophagous, feeding on the blood of other animals, using specialized buccal structures to pierce the skin of their hosts and consume blood.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What strategies are employed to control the spread of Chagas disease?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Improving living and housing conditions, controlling blood and organ donors, preventing congenital transmission, combating the triatomine bug, future vaccination prospects, health education, and developing effective drugs.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What role do female mosquitoes play in disease transmission?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Female mosquitoes are hematophagous, meaning their blood-feeding is essential for egg maturation and can facilitate the transmission of diseases.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the morphological forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in its lifecycle?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Trypanosoma cruzi morphological forms include epimastigote, amastigote, and trypomastigote, each playing a role in its lifecycle and infection process.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do non-hematophagous 'barbeiros' and bugs contribute to the ecosystem?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">They feed on other living or dead insects, plants, and fungi, playing important roles in controlling populations of harmful insects by acting as predators or parasitoids.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the primary methods for diagnosing acute and chronic phases of Chagas disease?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Acute phase: Direct detection of the parasite in blood through microscopy or specific antibodies through serological tests. Chronic phase: Serological tests to detect antibodies in the blood and molecular diagnosis through amplification of kDNA fragments.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the primary goals in managing canine reservoirs in the context of disease control?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The primary goals include seroepidemiological surveys, rapid immunochromatographic testing (triage), ELISA for confirmation of positives, euthanasia for serologically or parasitologically positive dogs, use of drugs to reduce parasitic load and morbidity, vaccination where applicable, and the use of insecticide-impregnated collars to prevent canine LV.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the significance of a reservoir in the context of parasitology?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A population of hosts in which the parasite lives, multiplies, and perpetuates, being minimally pathogenic to these hosts.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes an epidemic from an endemic in the context of disease distribution?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">An endemic occurs regularly and predictably in a specific area, while an epidemic involves a significant and sudden increase in disease cases in a population beyond what is expected.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes a definitive host from an intermediate host in the life cycle of a parasite?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A definitive host harbors the parasite in its sexually mature or reproductive phase, while an intermediate host harbors the parasite in its immature or larval phase.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the primary clinical forms of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL), and what are their characteristics?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The primary clinical forms of ATL include ulcerative cutaneous lesions with raised outer edges, multiple cutaneous lesions (benign form), and auricular lesions leading to an atrophic stage known as 'chiclero's ulcer' with a deforming scar on the ear.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is the diagnosis of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) achieved?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Diagnosis involves clinical examination of lesion aspects, laboratory tests including lesion border microscopy, culture, molecular tests, and immunological tests like RIFI, with varying sensitivity depending on the form of the disease.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinctive feature is used by 'barbeiros' to feed from their hosts?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The rostrum, an elongated and curved structure originating from the frontal part of the head, is used to pierce the skin of hosts during feeding.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Describe the lifecycle progression of T. cruzi within a host cell.</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">T. cruzi escapes from the endocytic vacuole to the cytoplasm, multiplies intracellularly as amastigotes, differentiates into trypomastigotes, which then break the plasma membrane to be released into the extracellular environment.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is Chagas disease transmitted to humans?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Transmission methods include vectorial through insect bites, transfusional, vertical from mother to child, oral through contaminated food or drink, breastfeeding, laboratory accidents, and organ transplants.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the common clinical manifestations of the disease in its acute phase?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Long-lasting fever, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, anemia, pale skin, night sweats, hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the etiological agent of Leishmaniasis in Brazil, and how is it transmitted?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The etiological agent is Leishmania braziliensis, transmitted through the bite of infected phlebotomine sand flies, specifically the mosquito-palha.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What strategies are recommended for controlling the morbidity and transmission of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL)?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Strategies include early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of human cases, conducting epidemiological inquiries, health education, and suggestions for individual and environmental protection measures such as wearing closed clothes when necessary, using repellents, and keeping houses away from the forest.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the key features of the vectors responsible for transmitting Leishmania Visceral?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Vectors are insects known as phlebotomines, undergo complete metamorphosis, females are the main vectors as they feed on blood, and males feed on nectar and fruit juices, not directly transmitting the disease.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the host's immune response to a parasite differ between cellular and humoral responses?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The cellular immune response occurs at the site of the pathogen and is triggered by cells like macrophages, while the humoral immune response is systemic, generating antibodies in response to the pathogen's antigens.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the difference between a monoxenous and a heteroxenous life cycle in parasites?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A monoxenous parasite completes its life cycle in a single type of host, while a heteroxenous parasite requires more than one type of host to complete its life cycle.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Describe the life cycle of Leishmania parasites.</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Leishmania parasites have a digenetic life cycle involving two hosts: a vertebrate host, usually mammals, where they assume an intracellular amastigote form inside macrophages, and an invertebrate host, the sand fly, where amastigotes transform into promastigotes, an elongated form found in the insect's gastrointestinal tract.</p> </div> </div>