<div style='margin-bottom: 20px;'> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the two main parts into which the nervous system is divided?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary endogenous ligand for both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Acetylcholine (ACh)</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the general uses of Atropine in medical practice?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Used as premedication in anesthesia, to counteract bradycardia, and to inhibit secretions.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does Ipratropium bromide function in respiratory care?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Serves as a bronchodilator.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the synthesis of acetylcholine begin within presynaptic terminals?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The synthesis begins with the entry of choline, which is then converted into acetylcholine by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the exception in the sympathetic nervous system where the postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine instead of norepinephrine?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Sweat glands</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does Galantamine enhance cholinergic transmission?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It acts as both an anticholinesterase and a nicotinic agonist.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What unique characteristic does the vagus nerve exhibit in terms of neuron ratio?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A 1:8000 ratio between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the main transmission systems in the PNS?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The main transmission systems in the PNS are the cholinergic (SNPS) and the adrenergic (SNS) transmissions.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Which neurotransmitter is predominantly secreted by the adrenal medulla?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Epinephrine</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What type of receptors do postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system primarily possess?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the role of Tropicamide in ophthalmology?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Acts as a pupillary dilator.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do muscarinic agonists differ from nicotinic agonists in their source and effects?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Muscarinic agonists, like muscarine from Amanita muscaria, have parasympathomimetic effects, while nicotinic agonists, like nicotine, act on nicotinic receptors causing rapid depolarization.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the parasympathetic nervous system contribute to the body's state during rest?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It conserves energy, lowers blood pressure, slows the heart rate, and facilitates digestion</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why is a healthy connection between the CNS and PNS crucial?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A healthy CNS-PNS connection is crucial because its deficit can lead to psychosomatic diseases.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary function of acetylcholine in cholinergic transmission?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter in cholinergic transmission, facilitating communication between neurons or between neurons and muscles.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary action of Donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Increases the availability of acetylcholine in the brain.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What triggers the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The arrival of an action potential depolarizes the plasma membrane, promoting calcium entry and causing vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release acetylcholine via exocytosis.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does Benztropine contribute to the treatment of antipsychotic side effects?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It is used to treat the secondary effects of antipsychotics.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes nicotinic receptors from muscarinic receptors in terms of their mechanism?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Nicotinic receptors are ionotropic, forming ion channels that quickly change the cell's permeability to ions like Na+ and K+, while muscarinic receptors are metabotropic, affecting cells through secondary messengers.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the pharmacological effects of acetylcholine similar to?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Parasympathomimetic effects</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system within the PNS?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The somatic nervous system involves voluntary somatic information to skeletal muscles without peripheral ganglia, using acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter, while the autonomic nervous system involves involuntary visceral information and has two differentiated systems: sympathetic and parasympathetic.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is acetylcholine removed from the synaptic cleft?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Acetylcholine can be either recaptured by the presynaptic cell for reuse or degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase into choline and acetate.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the brain interact with the external world?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The brain interacts with the external world through stimuli and responses to these stimuli in the form of action and perception.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary neurotransmitter released by preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Acetylcholine</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes the use of Pirenzepine in treating gastric ulcers?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It is used specifically for the treatment of gastric ulcers.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What type of compounds are known to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, and what is their effect on acetylcholine levels?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Anticholinesterasics; they prevent the degradation of ACh, resulting in increased concentration of the neurotransmitter.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does Scopolamine (hyoscine) serve in preventing motion sickness?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Acts as an antiemetic to prevent vomiting.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system during a 'fight or flight' response?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">To increase energy expenditure, blood pressure, and heart rate while slowing down digestion</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes muscarinic receptors from nicotinic receptors in terms of their mechanism?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Muscarinic receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) with slow and prolonged depolarization, while nicotinic receptors are ionotropic with rapid depolarization.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the therapeutic goal of Trihexyphenidyl in Parkinson's disease management?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">To prevent tremors.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How are the neurons in the autonomic nervous system's synaptic connections characterized?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">In the autonomic nervous system, the synaptic connections are axo-dendritic, meaning the presynaptic neuron transfers information to a postsynaptic neuron.</p> </div> </div>