<div style='margin-bottom: 20px;'> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the consequences of non-compliance with an obligation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The debtor may be made liable for damages, and the courts of justice may enforce the fulfillment of the obligation or its economic value.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">When does a cause of action arise?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A cause of action arises at the moment a right has been transgressed.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the main legal issue in the illustrative case involving S and B?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The main legal issue was whether B had a cause of action against S for cancelling the contract to sell prematurely.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does Article 19 prescribe in relation to the exercise of rights and duties?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Article 19 prescribes that every person must act with justice, give everyone his due, and observe honesty and good faith in the exercise of his rights and performance of his duties.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes civil obligations from natural obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Civil obligations give the creditor a right of action in courts to enforce their performance, whereas natural obligations, based on equity and natural law, do not grant such a right.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What must exist for an obligation to be present according to the text?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A corresponding right must exist in favor of another for an obligation to be present.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What principle is embodied in Article 22 of the Civil Code?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The principle that no person may unjustly enrich himself at the expense of another.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What principle allows for damages without a pecuniary proof, except for actual or compensatory damages?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Art. 2216 allows for moral, nominal, temperate, liquidated, or exemplary damages to be awarded without pecuniary proof, except for actual or compensatory damages.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Under what condition can the principle of preventing unjust enrichment be invoked?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">When the aggrieved party has no other action based on contract, quasi-contract, crime, quasi-delict, or any other provision of law.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes obligations arising from private acts according to the law?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The law merely recognizes or acknowledges these obligations, rather than imposing them directly.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does Manresa define an obligation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Manresa defines an obligation as a legal relation established between one party and another, whereby the latter is bound to the fulfillment of a prestation which the former may demand of him.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the four essential elements of an obligation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The four essential elements are a passive subject (debtor), an active subject (creditor), object or prestation, and a juridical or legal tie.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the essential elements of a cause of action?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The essential elements are a legal right in favor of a person, a correlative legal obligation on the part of another to respect that right, and an act or omission in breach of said right causing injury or damage.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How can obligations arising from quasi-contracts be described?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Obligations that arise from lawful, voluntary, and unilateral acts, enforceable to prevent unjust enrichment.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the elements of a cause of action as demonstrated in the case of S and B?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The elements include a legal right in favor of B, an obligation on the part of S, and a breach of S’s obligation.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Under what condition can a person be liable for damages while exercising legal rights, according to the text?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A person can be liable for damages if the exercise of his legal rights results in damage due to an act that is not only hurtful but wrongful.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does Article 1158 imply about the nature of legal obligations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Legal obligations are considered a burden and are not presumed; they must be clearly set forth in the law.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the definition of an obligation according to Article 1156 of the Civil Code?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to do.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the two main types of obligations based on subject matter?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Real obligation and personal obligation.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is a real obligation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">An obligation to give, where the obligor must deliver something to the obligee.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does a positive personal obligation entail?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">An obligation to do or to render service.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does the form of obligation generally require according to the Civil Code?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">As a general rule, the law does not require any form for obligations arising from contracts for their validity or binding force.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the five sources of obligations as enumerated by the law?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Law, contracts, quasi-contracts, acts or omissions punished by law, and quasi-delicts.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the text differentiate between 'injury', 'damage', and 'damages'?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Injury is the illegal invasion of a legal right, damage is the loss from the injury, and damages are the monetary compensation for the loss.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the legal basis for obligations derived from law not being presumed?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Only obligations expressly determined in the Civil Code or in special laws are demandable.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is 'good faith' treated in the context of exercising rights, according to the text?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Good faith is presumed, and an abuse of rights occurs when there is bad faith or intent to prejudice, leading to liability for damages.</p> </div> </div>