<div style='margin-bottom: 20px;'> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does the term 'phenotype' describe in genetics?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The outward appearance of a trait.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is 'genotype' defined in the context of genetics?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The genetic makeup of an organism.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the expected F1 adult sex ratio when a heterozygous female with a sex-linked recessive lethal gene is crossed with a normal male in a certain fish species?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The F1 adult sex ratio cannot be determined from the information provided.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the significance of dominant and recessive alleles in determining an organism's traits?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Dominant alleles usually determine the expression of a trait, while recessive alleles are expressed only when dominant alleles are absent.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What can be inferred about the inheritance pattern if affected parents have unaffected offspring?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Autosomal dominant</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the significance of pleiotropy in genetics?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Pleiotropy refers to the phenomenon where a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits, which can have significant implications for viability, productivity, or market value.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment explain the transmission of traits?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The segregation of alleles for one gene is independent of the segregation of alleles for another gene, allowing traits to be transmitted to offspring independently.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How can pedigree analysis be used to determine patterns of inheritance?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Pedigree analysis visualizes family relationships and the presence or absence of traits across generations, helping to identify modes of inheritance such as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or sex-linked traits.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the expected phenotypic ratio in a dihybrid cross according to Mendel's experiments?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">9:3:3:1</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the concept of incomplete dominance differ from Mendel's original findings?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes, unlike the clear dominant-recessive relationship Mendel observed.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the genetic condition of sex-linked genes in males?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Hemizygous</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What must be true for an individual displaying a recessive phenotype?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">They must be homozygous recessive.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why is aquaculture increasingly important?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Due to the increasing demand for fish with the growing human population.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes sex-linked genes from other genes in terms of inheritance and expression?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Sex-linked genes are located on sex chromosomes, leading to distinct patterns of inheritance and expression in males and females.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is required for a phenotype to be considered dominant?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A single dominant allele is sufficient to produce the dominant phenotype.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What principle does Mendel's Law of Segregation illustrate about gene pairs during gamete formation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are two ways to improve aquaculture production?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Technological and genetic improvements</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does incomplete dominant gene action differ from complete dominance?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Incomplete dominance results in a heterozygous phenotype that is not identical to the dominant phenotype, indicating the dominant allele does not completely suppress the recessive allele.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does co-dominance differ from Mendelian/simple dominance?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">In co-dominance, both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype, whereas in Mendelian dominance, one allele masks the presence of the other.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does recessive epistasis influence phenotypic expression?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Recessive alleles at one gene locus suppress the expression of alleles at another locus, altering expected phenotypic ratios.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes duplicate dominant epistasis in phenotypic expression?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A single dominant allele at either of two loci is sufficient to produce the dominant phenotype, with the recessive phenotype only appearing when both loci are homozygous recessive.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do sex-limited traits differ in their expression between males and females?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Sex-limited traits are expressed in only one sex despite being carried by both sexes.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What role does testosterone play in the expression of certain phenotypes in guppies?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Testosterone is necessary for the expression of many sex-limited phenotypes in male guppies.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the expression of sex-influenced traits vary between males and females in the Southern platy fish?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">In Southern platy fish, the same autosomal gene can be dominant in one sex and recessive in the other, affecting the phenotype expression.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do dominant alleles of two gene loci interact to affect phenotypic traits in organisms?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Dominant alleles of two gene loci can have a cumulative effect, producing a new phenotype when present together.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the outcome of additive gene action in terms of allele contribution?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype, resulting in an intermediate phenotype for heterozygous genotypes.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What defines a lethal gene and its impact on an organism?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A lethal gene causes death at various developmental stages, with its effect depending on whether it is dominant, incompletely dominant, or recessive.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the interaction between the S and N genes determine the scale pattern in common carp?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The S gene sets the basic scale pattern, while the N gene modifies it, leading to different phenotypes including death when homozygous for N.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does a high incidence of affected sons suggest about the mode of inheritance?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">X-linked recessive inheritance</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the two main sources of global fish supply?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Capture fishery and Aquaculture</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the principle of duplicate recessive epistasis as illustrated by the salmon muscle color genetics?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Duplicate recessive epistasis occurs when two genes suppress a phenotype, resulting in a 9:7 phenotypic ratio in certain crosses.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the purpose of selective breeding in aquaculture?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">To produce a true-breeding population</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the role of epistatic genes in genetic interactions?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Epistatic genes suppress or mask the action of genes at another locus, affecting the phenotypic expression.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does a test cross reveal about an organism's genotype?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It can distinguish a homozygous from a heterozygous genotype by breeding with a homozygous recessive genotype.</p> </div> </div>