<div style='margin-bottom: 20px;'> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary focus of the article regarding judicial decision-making?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The article focuses on the importance of motivation in judicial decision-making, including what must be motivated, the formal structure of motivation, and its necessity.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the consequences of a 'farragosa or incomprensible' motivation, as outlined in the text?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It can affect the right to defense, the publicity of the proceedings, and even access to resources.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the two types of justification discussed in the article?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Internal justification and external justification.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">According to the article, what does the decision of a judge constitute?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The decision of a judge constitutes a legal conclusion reached through rational deliberation and reasoning applied to a factual reality.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does the term "objeto del proceso" refer to according to Acuerdo Plenario No. 4-2007/CJ-116?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It refers to the facts and the claim that shape the subject of the process, including any facts and allegations by the passive parties that expand it, constituting the "objeto del debate".</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why are decrees not required to be motivated according to the article?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Decrees are not required to be motivated because they are procedural acts of simple procedure that merely push the process forward.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the Colombian court's reasoning for dismissing the challenge regarding Santos Valencia's driving speed?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The Colombian court dismissed the challenge by stating that determining the permitted speed at the location of the harmful event was not necessary to conclude that Santos Valencia was driving at an improper speed, considering other factors like weather and physical conditions.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the article describe the necessity of motivating judicial decisions today compared to the past?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Today, motivating judicial decisions is not only a constitutional right but also a guarantee of justice administration directly enforceable by parties in a judicial process and subject to public scrutiny.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What fundamental function do constitutions typically assign to motivation that the psychological conception fails to fulfill?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The fundamentally justificatory function.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Under what condition is a judge allowed to impose a lesser penalty than requested by the prosecutor in criminal cases?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">When the penalty can be justified according to the law, including circumstances that reduce punishability.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does the Casación No. 1382-2017, Tumbes, say about the visibility of illogical motivation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The illogical motivation must be patent, clear, gross, and evident, and not overcome by reading the entire motivation.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does ensuring congruence and reasonableness in judicial motivation prevent arbitrary decisions?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By ensuring the judge considers the parties' requests and bases the decision on the evidence and legal framework, making the public act of power non-arbitrary.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What example does the text provide to illustrate an argument chain?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The German Federal Supreme Court's inquiry into whether the accused J. and K. acted with intent despite not wanting to cause the death of M., whom they planned to leave unconscious by hitting on the head to steal belongings, avoiding strangulation with a belt due to fear of causing death.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the two conceptions of motivation in legal doctrine?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The term motivation has two meanings, leading to two different conceptions of what motivation entails in judicial decisions.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What principle was violated according to Nieva Fenoll in 2019, as mentioned in the text?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The principle of correlation between accusation and sentence or congruence was violated.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the judges required to establish as controversial points before making a decision, as per articles 188 and 190 of the Procedural Civil Code?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Judges must establish the points over which the resolution will revolve, having previously listened to the parties.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why is it challenging to describe a judge's thought process accurately, according to Taruffo?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It is objectively difficult to describe everything a judge thought from the beginning of a case to the decision, especially if the sentence is pronounced long after the process started or by a panel of judges.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does the "parte considerativa" of a judicial decision include?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It includes the judge's reasoning on factual and legal issues that underpin their decision or ruling.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the general consequence of incongruencia infra petita in civil cases?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The judge grants less than what is acknowledged as owed by the defendant.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the four elements of explicit arguments as mentioned in the text?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The four elements are thesis, bases, warranty, and supports.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What criticism does the article make regarding certain cases treated by the Peruvian supreme judiciary?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The article criticizes the Peruvian supreme judiciary for erroneously treating some cases as instances of illogicality.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the two types of judgments a judge must make in a criminal sentence?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A historical judgment to determine if the fact in question occurred and a legal judgment to decide if the fact constitutes a criminal injustice and deserves a penalty.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the role of the "parte resolutiva, dispositiva o fallo" in a judicial decision?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It crystallizes the judicial decision, providing the solution to the case through a normative act that dictates certain behaviors.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does unreadable motivation (or confusing writing) affect a judicial decision according to the text?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Unreadable motivation affects a judicial decision by making it impossible to understand the proven facts and, consequently, to legally qualify the judged conduct.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does incongruencia omisiva refer to?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The judge's omission to respond to one or more explicit requests from the parties.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is required for a judge to impose a harsher penalty than the one requested by the prosecutor in criminal justice?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A specially qualified motivation and that the aggravation is within the limits of the law.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does the psychological conception of judicial motivation involve according to Iguartua Salaverría?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It involves externalizing the mental process through which a judge arrives at a decision.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does the text suggest about the length and clarity of the motivation behind judicial decisions?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The motivation does not require exhaustive and sterile exposition of arguments; succinct justification may suffice.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why might expressing any motive or a detailed description of a judge's mental process be legally useless?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Because it does not guarantee that the reasons used are relevant to resolving the specific case based on the facts, evidence, and applicable law.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the key argument used by the Sala Penal de Tacna to acquit Víctor in the sexual indemnity violation case?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The Sala Penal de Tacna acquitted Víctor because the DNA test results were not collected, making it impossible to determine if the seminal remains found belonged to him.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the significance of the 'dispositive part' of a judicial decision as mentioned in the article?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The dispositive part of a judicial decision is significant because it contains the linguistic entity expressed in the resolution part, which is the actual decision made by the judge.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are examples of supralegal circumstances that can reduce punishability?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The superior interest of the child, protection of family unity, and the right to be judged within a reasonable time.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the reasonableness of a judge's judgment rest, as mentioned in the text?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Not on the interpretation or selection of evidence under the epistemic rule of relevance, but on the correctness of the applied inference.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What logical mistake did Santos Valencia's lawyer make, according to the text?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The lawyer committed the fallacy of denying the antecedent by arguing that not determining the due speed means one cannot affirm Santos Valencia's speed was undue.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the three parts that motivated judicial decisions must contain according to procedural laws?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Expositive, considerative, and dispositive parts.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the three types of incongruent motivation mentioned?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Incongruencia infra (or citra) petita, incongruencia omisiva, and motivación implícita.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What must a contradiction generate to configure the vice discussed in the Sentencia No. 669 by the Sala de Casación Civil of the Supreme Court of Justice of Venezuela?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A situation comparable to a lack of foundation.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does the obligation to motivate imply, as per Espinosa-Saldaña Barrera?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It implies attending to the factual or legal reasons that support the decision made.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does the Queja Excepcional No. 113-2020, Lima, identify as a case of 'motivación oscura'?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A case where the excessively broad literal tenor of the reasoning does not allow understanding the arguments justifying the decision.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">According to the text, what is essential for a decision to be considered internally justified?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The conclusion must be a logical derivation from the premises.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the two scenarios where the internal justification of judicial decisions fails, as mentioned?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Invalid inference and narrative incoherence are the two scenarios.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is required for the valuation of evidence according to the text?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Respect for the rules of logic, including maxims of experience and scientific laws.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is the falacia de negación del antecedente illustrated in the text?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By an argument where denying the premise wrongly leads to denying the consequence, exemplified by the incorrect inference about whether it rains affecting the street being wet.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the significant error in the case examined by the Sala de Extinción de Dominio de Arequipa?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The judge condemned the defendants as authors instead of co-authors and incorporated four facts not included in the accusation.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does the suppression of contradictory extremes determine according to Ica in resolution No. 179-2018?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It determines the insufficiency of the narrative as factual support for the resolution's decision, as the contradiction affects an inconsequential element for the adjudicated responsibility, the defect is harmless.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What role do the requirements of congruence and reasonableness play in motivating a decision?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The requirements of congruence and reasonableness play a role in ensuring that the decision is logically consistent and reasonable.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the purpose of identifying what the parties are discussing in a legal process?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The purpose is to determine what deserves to be addressed by the judge in their decision, whether it's an order or a judgment.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Under what condition will a contradiction not lead to the annulment of a decision, according to the text?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">If the contradiction can be clarified by reading the entire decision, the vice does not lead to annulment but may warrant attention from the judge.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What logical structure must the internal justification of the historical judgment respect?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The structure and rigor of logical thinking, following the modus ponens structure.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the two essential requirements for judicial motivation mentioned?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Congruence and reasonableness.</p> </div> </div>