<div style='margin-bottom: 20px;'> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the most common types of gastric tumors?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The most common types of gastric tumors are adenocarcinomas, followed by lymphomas, and rarely, carcinoid tumors or sarcoma.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Which country has the highest annual incidence of gastric cancer as of 2015?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Korea has the highest annual incidence of gastric cancer.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Which infection is a prime suspect for initiating intestinal-type gastric cancer?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">H. pylori infection is a prime suspect for initiating intestinal-type gastric cancer.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the TNM system classify the spread of gastric cancer?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The TNM system classifies the spread based on tumor node metastasis, with additional Japanese nomenclature for lymph nodes.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary benefit of using laparoscopy in the diagnosis of stomach tumours?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Laparoscopy is essential for detecting small nodules that CT scans may miss on the stomach serosa, peritoneum, omentum, and liver surface.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What factors influence the survival rate of patients with small bowel GISTs?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The size and mitotic index of the tumor influence the survival rate.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the prognosis comparison between intestinal-type carcinomas and mucin-producing signet ring carcinomas?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Intestinal-type carcinomas have a better prognosis than mucin-producing signet ring carcinomas.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What has led to improved survival rates in gastric cancer treatment?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Better patient selection, improved perioperative care, centralisation of care in specialist centres, and the advent of neoadjuvant treatment have contributed to improved survival rates.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the treatment and prognosis of gastric lymphomas compare to gastric adenocarcinomas?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Gastric lymphomas have a very different treatment approach and a much better prognosis than gastric adenocarcinomas.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How are carcinoid tumors usually managed when they are found in the appendix?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Appendiceal carcinoid tumors are typically treated by simple appendicectomy, especially if they are small and located at the tip.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does the decline in gastric cancer rates in the Western world primarily attribute to?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The decline is almost entirely because of a decrease in the intestinal type of gastric cancer.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How are gastric carcinomas classified histopathologically?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Gastric carcinomas are classified into two histopathological groups: intestinal type and diffuse type.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is linitis plastica and its prognosis?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Linitis plastica is a form of gastric cancer that causes thickening and rigidity of the stomach, contracting it to a very small capacity, and has a very poor prognosis.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the risk of gastric cancer change with age?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The risk of gastric cancer increases after the age of 50.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs) differ from other tumours in terms of treatment and prognosis?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">GISTs are highly resistant to traditional chemotherapy, but the c-kit tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, is highly effective for advanced and metastatic disease, improving 2-year survival rates to 75% to 80%.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What characterizes Peutz–Jeghers syndrome?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Peutz–Jeghers syndrome is characterized by multiple benign polyps in the small bowel and perioral pigmentation, along with an increased risk of breast, colorectal, and other cancers.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary benefit of early detection and endoscopy in managing gastric cancer?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Radically increases the chances of curing the condition.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the global rank of gastric cancer in terms of commonality and cause of cancer deaths?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary precursor to intestinal-type gastric cancer?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Multifocal atrophic gastritis is a condition that precedes intestinal-type gastric cancer.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the significance of histological examination of resected lymph nodes in gastric cancer treatment?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It enhances the accuracy of TNM staging and improves the ability to predict long-term survival after surgery.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why is radical surgery considered a potential cure for gastric cancer?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Radical surgery offers the only prospect of cure for gastric cancer, even when the tumour appears small, due to the early, widespread, and often hidden nature of metastasis.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why has endoscopy become the standard investigation for suspected gastric carcinoma over barium meal?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Endoscopy allows visual inspection and biopsy, providing a more accurate diagnosis.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What role does CT scanning play in the staging of gastric cancer?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It is often the first investigation to assess local tumour invasion, lymph node involvement, and hepatic metastases.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is a common initiating factor for primary lymphomas in the stomach or small bowel?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">H. pylori infection is an important initiating factor for primary lymphomas.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the significance of measuring 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid in patients with carcinoid tumors?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It serves as a diagnostic marker for carcinoid syndrome, indicating the presence of serotonin metabolites.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What symptom is common in advanced gastric cancer due to chronic occult blood loss?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Anaemia from chronic occult blood loss is common in advanced gastric cancer.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS) contribute to the management of gastric cancer?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">EUS is highly accurate for determining the depth of penetration of small gastric cancers, assessing the 'T' stage, and can also show local spread, nodal involvement, left hepatic lobe metastases, and ascites.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does direct spread of gastric cancer manifest in advanced cases?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It can result in gastrocolic fistula formation with true faecal vomiting.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What defines 'early gastric cancer' and its surgical cure rate?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">'Early gastric cancer' is defined as cancer limited to the mucosa and submucosa, with a surgical cure rate of about 90%.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What significant difference in gastric cancer incidence is observed between genders?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Males have two to three times the risk of developing gastric cancer compared to females.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What dietary factors are shown to increase the incidence of gastric cancer?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Excess intake of salt and nitroso compounds and a low intake of ascorbic acid increase the incidence.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why is metastatic carcinoid not considered curable by radiotherapy or chemotherapy?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The condition progresses very slowly and responds better to surgical intervention than to radiotherapy or chemotherapy.</p> </div> </div>