<div style='margin-bottom: 20px;'> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why must the overall formula for an ionic compound be electrically neutral?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Ionic compounds consist of electrically neutral formula units.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What characteristic feature defines an acidic compound?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The presence of hydrogen followed by an anion.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are isotopes?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the key principle in naming ionic compounds?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The cation name is listed first, followed by the anion name.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the charge of polyatomic anions that end in 'ate' compare to those that end in 'ite'?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">'ite' anions have one fewer oxygen but the same charge as 'ate' anions</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary focus of Chapter 2 in General Chemistry 1?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The primary focus is on atoms, molecules, and ions.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What role do lanthanides play in modern technology?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Lanthanides are critical elements used in making permanent magnets found in wind turbines, electric cars, and medical imaging tools.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why are fixed charge cations easier to discuss in general chemistry?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Because they always form the same ions and lose the same number of electrons</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does the periodic table provide for students of chemistry?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The periodic table acts as a cheat sheet for all of chemistry.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How can the name of a polyatomic anion change when a hydrogen is added?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The name can include 'hydrogen' or 'bi' before the original name.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What naming convention is used for monatomic anions?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Changing the element ending to 'ide'</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do group one elements achieve noble gas valency?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By losing one electron</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the three main types of compounds in chemistry?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Ionic, molecular, and acidic.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What defines an element's identity in the periodic table?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The number of protons it possesses.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the principle behind creating an electrically neutral formula for ionic compounds?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The principle involves balancing the charges of the cations and anions so that the total charge is zero.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why is mastering the naming of molecules and their formulas important in chemistry?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It is important for solving problems and understanding chemical reactions.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the definition of one atomic mass unit (amu)?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">One amu is defined as 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is the mass number of an atom determined?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By adding the total number of protons and neutrons in the atom.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is the atomic weight of an element on the periodic table determined?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The atomic weight is the weighted average of the isotopic masses of the element's naturally occurring isotopes.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What characteristic charge do alkaline earth metals form when reacting with non-metals?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">+2 charge, as they tend to lose two electrons.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do halogens react with metals?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Halogens gain an electron from metals to form anions with a -1 charge.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How did J.J. Thomson's discovery alter the understanding of atomic structure?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Thomson discovered electrons and introduced the plum pudding model.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">In ordinary chemical reactions, what part of the atom remains unchanged?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The nucleus.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the quantum mechanical model differ from Bohr's model of the atom?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The quantum mechanical model describes electron positions in terms of probability, not fixed orbits.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is the atomic weight of an element calculated?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">As the weighted average of the isotopic masses of the element's naturally occurring isotopes.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the three most important subatomic particles in general chemistry?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The three most important subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the charge of a zinc cation?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Two plus</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why is understanding the structure of atoms crucial in chemistry?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It is crucial because macroscopic properties of substances result from their microscopic properties.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the general method for reducing the charge of highly charged anions?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Adding a hydrogen atom.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is an ionic compound formed?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By the combination of a metal and a non-metal.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why are alkali metals highly reactive?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Alkali metals are very reactive because they readily lose an electron to form +1 cations.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the significance of the Roman numeral in the naming of ionic compounds with transition metals?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It indicates the charge on the metal cation.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes metals from non-metals on the periodic table?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile, and lustrous, while non-metals are not.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the significance of using roman numerals in the naming of certain cations?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">To differentiate between metals that can form more than one type of cation</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the key principle in naming acids based on their anion names?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The name of the acid is determined by the anion's ending: 'ide' changes to 'hydro...ic acid', 'ate' changes to 'ic acid', and 'ite' changes to 'ous acid'.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What significant finding did Rutherford's gold foil experiment reveal?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It revealed that atoms consist mostly of empty space with a dense, positively charged nucleus.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How can you determine if a compound is ionic or molecular based on its composition?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">If both elements are non-metals, the compound is molecular. If one element is a metal and the other is a non-metal, the compound is ionic.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How are binary molecular compounds named systematically?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By naming the elements in order they appear, changing the second element's ending to 'ide', and using numerical prefixes to indicate the number of atoms, except for certain rules regarding hydrogen and the first element.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What did John Dalton contribute to the atomic theory?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Dalton proposed that atoms are indivisible and differ only by mass.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How are elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table related?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Elements in the same vertical column have similar chemical and physical properties.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is a cation different from an anion?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A cation has more protons than electrons and carries a positive charge, while an anion has more electrons than protons and carries a negative charge.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the atomic number define an element?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The atomic number, which is the number of protons, uniquely identifies an element.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why are polyatomic anions placed in parentheses when writing chemical formulas?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">To distinguish the subscript that indicates the number of anions in the compound.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is the formula for an ionic compound determined when given its name?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By using the crisscross method to ensure electrical neutrality.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are metalloids and where are they located on the periodic table?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Metalloids, located along the stair-step line, have properties that are intermediate between metals and non-metals.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What causes an atom to become an ion?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A change in the number of electrons, leading to an imbalance between protons and electrons.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How do you determine the molecular formula of an acid from its name?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">By identifying the anion from the acid name, determining its charge, and then balancing it with hydrogen ions to create a neutral compound.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What unit is used to measure atomic mass and how is it defined?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Atomic mass unit (amu), defined relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why are noble gases considered stable and unreactive?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">They have a full valence electron shell, making them extremely stable and unreactive.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why is it recommended to memorize certain polyatomic cations for organic chemistry?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Because they reappear several times in the subject</p> </div> </div>