<div style='margin-bottom: 20px;'> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What does data independence in a DBMS signify?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The ability to change the schema at one level without needing to alter the schema at another level.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary difference between data and information?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Data is raw, unprocessed facts, while information is data that has been processed and organized in a meaningful way.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What significant development in database models did Edgar Codd propose, and when?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">In 1970, Edgar Codd proposed the Relational Data Model, providing a strong theoretical basis for databases.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why is database design considered crucial?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It prevents issues like unnecessary data storage, missing critical data, slow response times, incorrect results, and inability to adapt to user requirement changes.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does a data model serve in database design?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It focuses on what data should be stored and how it should be organized, representing data as the user sees it in the real world.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How does the Logical Database Design step differ from the Conceptual Database Design?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Logical Database Design involves determining the DBMS to implement the database and converting the conceptual schema into a schema of a specific data model, like the Relational Data Model.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">Why did the database approach arise?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It arose due to the limitations of the file-based approach, such as uncontrolled redundancy, data inconsistency, and inflexibility.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the main objective of the three-schema architecture in a DBMS?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">To separate a user's views of the database from the way the data is physically represented, ensuring flexibility and data abstraction.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What was the first Database Management System and who developed it?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The first DBMS was developed by Bachman at General Electric in the early 60s, known as the Network Data Model.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary goal of the three-schema architecture in database systems?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">To separate the user's view of the database from the physical representation of the data.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the steps involved in the database design process?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Requirements Analysis, Conceptual Database Design, Logical Database Design, Schema Refinement, Physical Database Design, Security Design.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What are the essential characteristics of a good Data Model?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">A good Data Model accurately represents data requirements, uses simple notations and natural language, is detailed enough for database design, eliminates redundant data, is independent of hardware and software constraints, and adapts easily to changing requirements.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What distinguishes a good data model?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">It completely and accurately represents data requirements, uses simple notations, is detailed enough for database design, eliminates redundancy, is hardware and software independent, and adapts easily to changes.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the primary goal of the Requirements Analysis step in the Database Design process?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The primary goal is to determine the database's data requirements, including objects, their information, relationships, transactions, and any constraints.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">How is information gathered during the Requirements Analysis phase?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Information can be gathered through reviewing existing documents, interviewing end users, and reviewing existing automated systems.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the purpose of the Conceptual Database Design step?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">To create a high-level description of the data using a conceptual or Semantic Data Model, such as the ER Model.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the focus of the Schema Refinement step in the Database Design process?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">The focus is on refining the schema created during the Logical Database Design phase to address potential problems such as redundancies.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What considerations are made during the Physical Database Design step?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">Performance criteria are considered, and further enhancements to the schema and creation of indexes are made.</p> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 1rem; padding: 10px 20px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 1.5rem;">What is the objective of the Security Design step in the Database Design process?</h2> <p style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2rem;">To identify different user groups and their roles, provide appropriate levels of access to data, ensuring users only access necessary data.</p> </div> </div>